Desarrollo económico y desigualdad de ingresos: acceso a la evidencia desde la perspectiva de la hipótesis de Kuznets para una muestra global
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Este articulo examina la relación no lineal entre el desarrollo económico y la desigualdad de ingresos. Utiliza un panel equilibrado de 113 países durante 1985-2017 y cuatro submuestras: incluidas 45 países de ingresos altos (PIA), 32 países de ingresos medio altos (PIMA), 26 países de ingresos medio bajos (PIMB) y 10 países de ingresos bajos (PIB). Los índices de Gini antes y después de impuestos y de transferencia se utilizan como sustitutos de la desigualdad de ingresos, mientras que el desarrollo económico es representado por el nivel de producción real per cápita (producto interno bruto per cápita). Se aplican varias técnicas de estimación de datos de panel, además de técnicas de cointegración de segunda generación. Se considera la dependencia de sección cruzada (CD) con el objetivo de examinar la relación no lineal a largo plazo, y, finalmente se aplican pruebas de causalidad para la elaboración de implicaciones de política. Encontramos que existen relaciones de largo plazo entre el desarrollo económico y las desigualdades de ingresos (medidas antes y después de impuestos y transferencias). Curiosamente, al considerar los subgrupos para el análisis, el desarrollo económico genera efectos distintos para cada uno de los grupos. En particular, parece existir una relación en forma de U invertida en los grupos PIA, PIMA y PIMB, mientras que, al considerar la segunda medida de desigualdad, después de impuestos y trasferencias, se valida en todo el panel y para todos los grupos. Este estudio propone implicaciones políticas potenciales que exigen una comprensión más profunda de los mecanismos distributivos entre países. Al considerar submuestras demostramos que la desigualdad por ingresos podría generar efectos distorsionadores no deseados sobre el crecimiento económico.
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